name | Amanita proxima |
name status | nomen acceptum |
author | Dum. |
english name | "Near Neighbor Amidella" |
images | |
intro | The macroscopic description is based on notes with material examined by RET. The reader should also refer to the recent treatment by Neville and Poumarat (2004). |
cap | The cap of Amanita proxima is 75 - 150 mm wide, fleshy, at first ovoid then convex, finally nearly planar, whitish to ivory, smooth, viscid, silky, and with a smooth margin. The cap's flesh is white and unchanging. |
gills | The gills are free, distant, thick, cream, and 8 - 12 mm wide; the short gills are truncate to rounded truncate to concave-truncate or subattenuate. |
stem |
The stem is 120 - 210 × 25 - 45 mm, white, solid, firm, and narrows upward; it is more clavate than bulbous. It also bears a membranous and persistent white ring. The universal veil is ochraceous to reddish brown, and its free limb makes up about one third of its height. |
spores | The spores measure (8.2-) 8.9 - 12.4 (-17.5) × (5.0-) 5.5 - 7.2 (-9.9) µm and are ellipsoid to elongate (occasionally cylindric) and amyloid. Irregularly shaped "giant spores" are sometimes observed. There are no clamp connections at the bases of basidia. |
discussion |
This species has been repeatedly reported as poisonous. The symptoms are very similar to those of the amino acid syndrome recorded for A. smithiana Bas. The species is associated with oak and conifers and is generally believed to be thermophilic. Several authors cite an association with calcareous soils, which is also supported by notes in collections I reviewed. The species is found during the months of October through December. The species is distinguished from A. ovoidea (Bull.:Fr.) Link by, among other characters, its colored volva, its smaller and somewhat more gracile habit, the size and shape of its spores, by the presence of human toxins (possibly (a) nonprotein amino acid(s)), and by its membranous annulus. The reader may also wish to compare the present species with A. neoovoidea Hongo, which is similar on a number of counts. The present species is most commonly collected in southern Europe and probably occurs around the Mediterranean basin. Most of the material available to me has been from France, Italy, and Spain.—R. E. Tulloss |
brief editors | RET |
name | Amanita proxima | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
author | Dum. 1916. Bull. Trimestriel Soc. Mycol. France 32: 83, pl. 2. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
name status | nomen acceptum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
english name | "Near Neighbor Amidella" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
synonyms |
≡Amanita ovoidea f. proxima (Dum.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1918. Gen. Amanita Pers.: 27.
≡Amanita ovoidea var. proxima (Dum.) Singer. 1947. Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 1(3): 228.
≡Amanita ovoidea var. proxima (Dum.) Kühner & Romagn. nom. inval. 1953. Fl. Analyt. Champ. Supér.: 431. [Lacking full and direct reference to basionym. ICBN §33.2.]
≡Amanita solitaria var. proxima (Dum.) Bertaux. 1964. Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 6(3): 467. [n.v.??]
≡Amanita ovoidea var. proxima (Dum.) Bon & Courtec. 1987. Doc. Mycol. fasc. 69: 37. [Superfluous combination.] The editors of this site owe a great debt to Dr. Cornelis Bas whose famous cigar box files of Amanita nomenclatural information gathered over three or more decades were made available to RET for computerization and make up the lion's share of the nomenclatural information presented on this site. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
MycoBank nos. | 172017, 132863 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
GenBank nos. |
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lectotypes | Dumée. 1916. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 32: pl. 2. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
lectotypifications | Neville and Poumarat. 2004. Fungi Europaei 9: 638. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
type studies | double click in markup mode to edit. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
revisions |
Neville and Poumarat. 2001. Micologo 33(100): 15. Neville and Poumarat. 2004. Fungi Europaei 9: 637. Tulloss, here. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
intro |
Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been
thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text
where data is missing or uncertain. The following material not directly from the protolog of the present taxon and not cited as the work of another researcher is based on original research by R. E. Tulloss. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidiospores | [75/4/4] (8.2-) 8.9 - 12.4 (-17.5) × (5.0-) 5.5 7.2 (-9.9) μm, (L = 9.5 - 10.4 μm; L' = 10.0 μm; W = 5.9 - 6.3 μm; W' = 6.2 μm; Q = (1.35-) 1.41 - 1.90 (-2.42); Q = 1.53 - 1.68; Q' = 1.63), hyaline, colorless, smooth, thin-walled, amyloid, ellipsoid to elongate, rarely cylindric, sometimes constricted, sometimes expanded at one end, adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, cylindric; contents guttulate (at least sometimes as "oil drop"); ?? in deposit. Giant spores occasionally present. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
ecology | France: In mixed forest with Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis. Italy: With P. brutia & Q. frainetto in soil of pH 7.5. Spain: With Ceratonia siliqua, Cistus, Q. ilex, and P. halepensis. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
material examined | FRANCE: BOUCHES-DU-RHÔNE—St-Rémy-de-Provence, 24.x.1974 C. Bas 6465 (L, in two packets labeled "I" and "II"). GIRONDE—Entre-Deux-Mers, St-Emilion, 9.xi.1998 F. Massart 98035 (in herb. F. Massart; RET 290-10). VAUCLUSE—ca. Avignon, 24.x.1974 C. Bas 6468 (L 974306 371). ITALY: COSENZA—Tarsia, Quercis Rotonda, 28.ix.2005 Carmine Lavorato 050928-31 (in herb. C. Lavorato; RET 391-3). SPAIN: CATALUÑA—10 km S of Barcelona, Begas, 30.x.1966 A. Marchand s.n. (L). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
discussion |
The type locality for A. proxima is in the
neighborhood of Montrereau, département
d'Ile-de-France, France (Dumée,
1916).
This is a region with
continental climate southeast of Paris.
Material that we have seen from France is from
Gironde (Atlantic climate) and should not have the
highest priority for use in creating an epitype for
the present species. The following figure provides a sporograph comparison between the present taxon and A. neoovoidea (of section Amidella)—an unstaining, eastern Asian species of section that has a similarly colored universal veil: The following figure provides a sporograph comparison between the presente species and Euro-Asian (commonly considered Mediterranean) species A. ovoidea: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
citations | —R. E. Tulloss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
editors | RET | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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name | Amanita proxima |
bottom links | [ Keys & Checklists ] |
name | Amanita proxima |
bottom links | [ Keys & Checklists ] |
Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.